Cooking aqua regia mixing concentrated hydrochloric and nitric acids is first described in Alchemy by Andreas Libavius (1597). For 1 liter of Tsarskaya vodka, you can pay from 1000 rubles or more. Royal vodka is a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids.
The mixture is prepared immediately before its use: during storage, it decomposes with the formation of gaseous products (the formation of nitrogen dioxide and nitrosyl chloride gives color to aqua regia). Rhodium and iridium in the compact state are stable, but dissolve when heated in the form of fine powders (black).
Royal vodka is a clear liquid when freshly prepared.
To date, almost any person to the question: "What is aqua regia?" will answer with confidence that it is an alcoholic drink. The name aqua regia is used both as a chemical term and as the name of a well-known alcohol.
But after the resulting mixture was able to dissolve the element of gold, which until then was considered indestructible, aqua regia received its official name from the translation of the words "aqua regia". Royal vodka is an acid, which is a mixture of two concentrated acids, and, accordingly, it is strictly forbidden to use it inside.
To do this, you will need: concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids, a glass test tube with marks, a glass rod. Today, aqua regia is used as a reagent, as well as for the sterility of glass instruments in laboratories and in the analysis of alloys.
Most people have heard of aqua regia as an alcoholic drink.
Royal vodka must be very carefully heated to 60-70 degrees and immersed in this mixture alloy. The metal alloy must be pre-cleaned to prevent contamination. In fact, there are not one, or even two, but many recipes for this vodka.
To obtain aqua regia, you need to mix one part of nitric acid and three parts of hydrochloric acid.
It contains: drinking water, ethyl grain alcohol, linden honey and tincture. Vodka of this brand is considered a top-class drink and is sold in expensive frosted glass bottles with decor. The composition of royal vodka was developed on the basis of recipes for alcohol served on the table of the imperial Romanov dynasty. Vodka "Tsarskaya" is produced in several series.
Its composition, in addition to the main ingredients, includes a tincture of bird cherry berries and raspberry leaves. Luxuriously made packaging with a bottle of vodka "Imperial Collection" includes only water, alcohol of the "Lux" class and aromatic alcohol. All four types are also available in beautiful gift boxes. Also, Dr. Bolotov advises taking the drink only for the purpose of treating and cleansing the body.
A volume of 1.5 and 2 liters costs about 1500-2000 rubles. Homemade vodka is usually not for sale, since the ingredients for it are quite easy to find, and the recipe is simple and does not require complex steps. You can buy Tsarskaya vodka both on the Internet and in any store in your city. Today, vodka is a popular product. And vodka of good quality and in beautiful packaging should be on the shelves of all stores.
Royal vodka from acids can be purchased at stores specializing in industrial chemistry. There are not many of them, but you can find them on the Internet. Royal vodka home cooking It's hard not to praise, especially if you did it yourself. But it is difficult to form a definite opinion about purchased vodka bottled at the factory.
The quality and beautiful performance of Tsarskaya vodka provide it with buyers and positive reviews. The oxidizing properties of aqua regia disappear during storage, because chlorine evaporates from it in the air, and it is he who is the main one in oxidation reactions. Thus came the name aqua regia (also aqua regis, A.R.).
The establishment of the fact of the dissolution of noble metals in aqua regia was considered by alchemists as a solution to one of the most important problems of alchemy: the preparation of alkahest - a universal solvent. Royal vodka is able to dissolve not only gold, but also platinum. How does aqua regia affect precious metals?
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Royal vodka: what does it consist of?
Royal vodka is a mixture of acids of high concentration, and therefore - the strongest poison. The effect of this mixture on the human body is even scary to imagine - after all, aqua regia is capable of dissolving metals! It usually consists of one part hydrochloric acid (HCl) and three parts nitric acid (HNO3). Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) can also be added there. Royal vodka looks like a yellow liquid, from which comes a far from pleasant smell of chlorine and nitrogen oxides.
Royal vodka is remarkable in that it dissolves almost all metals, even such as gold and platinum, but at the same time, metals do not dissolve in any of the acids that make up its composition. Active substances capable of dissolving metals are born with a mixture of acids, in the course of complex chemical reactions. However, there are metals that are too tough for aqua regia: these are rhodium, iridium and tantalum. Fluoroplast and some plastics also do not dissolve in aqua regia.
History of creation and name
Royal vodka was created thanks to the research of alchemists, tireless in search of the legendary "philosopher's stone", which was supposed to turn any substance into gold. They called gold the "king of metals", respectively, the liquid capable of dissolving it was called the "king of the waters" (in Latin - aqua regia). But Russian alchemists translated this name into their native language in a somewhat peculiar way - in their mouths, the “king of the waters” became “royal vodka”.
Alchemists learned how to prepare royal vodka even before hydrochloric acid was discovered. In those days, for the manufacture of this composition, they used the distillation of a mixture of saltpeter, alum and copper sulfate, adding ammonia there as well.
Using aqua regia
Today, when no one is looking for the Philosopher's Stone, aqua regia is used as a reagent in chemical laboratories, for example, when refining gold and platinum. But most often chemists need aqua regia as a reagent for obtaining chloride of various metals. Fans use aqua regia to extract gold from radio components.
It is important to remember that aqua regia retains its properties only in the presence of chlorine in it, which, if you leave the vessel with the substance open, will quickly evaporate. At long-term storage aqua regia, chlorine also gradually disappears, and the liquid ceases to dissolve metals.
Royal vodka you can drink
There is a cocktail of the same name, which can be prepared according to the following recipe:
- 60 ml of ordinary vodka;
- 10 ml of white dessert vermouth;
- 10 ml of orange tincture;
- 10 ml of pepper tincture;
- ice cubes
Mix all the ingredients and serve in a glass with ice, but gold, of course, will not dissolve this composition.
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Story
For the first time, Pseudo-Geber described aqua regia. He was an unknown alchemist. His treatises circulated in Europe in the fourteenth century. Long before the discovery of hydrochloric acid, Latin writings described chemical formula royal vodka. This liquid was obtained by dry sublimation of a mixture of alum, saltpeter, blue vitriol and ammonia in a glass smeared vessel. The container was supplied with a cap or a glass lid.
Albert the Great in his writings calls aqua regia aqua secunda. This name means "secondary vodka". Aqua prima is translated as "primary vodka", which means nitric acid. Some alchemists call the vodka formula aqua regia.
Bonaventure in 1270 publicized his own method for obtaining a miracle liquid: he diluted ammonia in " strong vodka» (aqua fortis, nitric acid). Bonaventure was able to establish that nitric acid can dissolve silver, separating it from gold. He determined that "royal vodka" is able to dissolve the "king of metals" - gold. But until some time it was believed that this substance could not be changed.
Thus, the name aqua regia appeared. Royal vodka began to be denoted by an alchemical symbol made up of the sign of water and the letter "R".
Royal vodka and alchemy
In the alchemy of Andreas Libavius for 1597, the preparation of aqua regia by mixing saturated hydrochloric and nitric acids was first described. Alkagest is a universal solvent. Its preparation was seen as the solution to one of the most important tasks of alchemy.
Royal vodka was used quite often in the practice of alchemy. This has led to a significant increase in knowledge about chemical reactions and substances. In addition, such experiments contributed to the development of technical chemistry and assay analysis.
In the works of Lavoisier, the formula for "royal" vodka was called nitromuric acid. Scientists thought that the chlorine released in the gaseous state was the oxide of the element murium or dephlogisticated hydrochloric acid.
In Russia, she had many names. In the works of M.V. Lomonosov for 1742, it has the name "royal vodka". M. Parpois in 1796 called it "royal vodka". V.V. Petrov in 1801 gave her the name of nitrate-hydrochloric acid, and G.I. Hess in 1831 named it hydronitric acid. Other names for this liquid are also common.
In Russian, the word "vodka" appeared in the fourteenth century. It was a diminutive of the word "water" and had this meaning until the middle of the nineteenth century. The word was then given the meaning " alcoholic drink”, at first it was dialectal. And only at the beginning of the twentieth century, vodka began to mean strong alcohol.
Properties
Royal vodka has a yellow-orange color with a strong smell of nitrogen dioxide and chlorine. Freshly prepared liquid is colorless, but quickly turns orange.
What is aqua regia made from? Its formula is quite interesting. The interaction of HNO3 and HCI results in a complex mixture of products with high activity, including associates and free radicals. This liquid is one of the most powerful oxidizing agents. The mixture is prepared right before use, as it decomposes during storage and loses its oxidizing qualities:
3HCl+HNO3=2Cl+NOCl+2H2O
The effectiveness of aqua regia as an oxidizing agent is largely associated with a decrease in the possibility of metal oxidation. This is due to the formation of complex chloride compounds. Complexation in a highly acidic oxidizing medium makes it possible to liquefy low activity metals such as platinum, gold and palladium even at room temperature.
Application
This liquid is used as a reagent in chemical laboratories. It cleans glassware from traces organic matter. Royal vodka is used in assay analyzes of high-grade metals and their alloys, in the refining of platinum and gold, in the production of metal chlorides, and so on.
Vodka
Vodka is a colorless alcoholic drink. It is a water-alcohol liquid without obvious smell and taste. The strength of vodka can be completely different: according to Russian standards - 40-45% and 50-56% by volume, according to EU legislation - at least 37.5%.
The classic formula for vodka is quite interesting - C2H5OH 40% + H2O 60%. The production process of this liquid consists of preparing reclaimed water and mixing rectified ethyl alcohol extracted from food raw materials with reconstituted water. The water-alcohol mixture is treated with modified starch or activated carbon. Then it is filtered, ingredients are added, mixed, re-filtered and poured into consumer containers. finished products formatted accordingly.
No less interesting is the chemical formula of vodka with a strength of 40.0 - 45.0% with a special aroma and taste. Such a liquid is called special. It is produced by adding a variety of ingredients, flavoring and aromatic additives.
With immoderate and regular use Vodka is addictive and addictive.
Mendeleev
In Russia, there are many legends about "bitter". One of the myths points to the connection between the appearance of vodka and the activities of D.I. Mendeleev. The basis was his doctoral dissertation, which was called "On the combination of alcohol with water."
Oh, this formula of Mendeleev's vodka! What is she really like? The myth tells the following:
- While doing his dissertation, the scientist established the unusual properties of a water-alcohol liquid. The mixture had an ethanol concentration of 43% by volume and had a strange effect on a living organism.
- With a similar concentration, a water-alcohol liquid can only be obtained by mixing the weight parts of alcohol and water.
- Based on these facts, Mendeleev was able to develop a recipe called "Moscow Special". This exclusive was patented by the Russian government in 1894 as a national Russian vodka.
Of course, D.I. Mendeleev never took part in the creation or modernization of vodka. Only a few of his works were subsequently used to make this liquid.
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History of aqua regia
The turning point in the development of chemistry was the 13th century, when alchemists discovered strong mineral acids capable of dissolving many water-insoluble substances. Before that, the world only knew about acetic acid known since ancient times. The newly discovered acids turned out to be a million times stronger, which brought alchemy to a new frontier, because it became possible to produce many chemical processes and reactions. So nitric acid was soon discovered, called "aqua fortis" - strong water, corroding everything that came into contact with it, with the exception of gold, all the metals known at that time. Three centuries later, hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) was discovered.
In 1597, the alchemist Andreas Libavia first described the preparation of aqua regia by mixing a concentrate of nitric and hydrochloric acid. Prior to this, there were attempts to obtain alkahest by dry distilling mixtures of saltpeter, ammonia, blue vitriol and alum in a glass vessel and covering with a lid or cap. This method was described in the XIV century by the alchemist Pseudo-Geber, but it was very painstaking and complex, moreover, such a mixture could cope with silver, but gold was beyond his control. And in the 16th century, a universal solvent was nevertheless found and the invention of "aqua regia" contributed to the development of technical chemistry and the improvement of assay analysis.
What acids does aqua regia consist of?
As for the composition of aqua regia, it turned out that the chemical mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid, when interacting with its components, enhances its abilities several times. The mixture turned out to be so strong that gold dissolves in it, and even platinum at a ratio of 1: 4 (hydrochloric acid, when reacting with nitric acid, releases chlorine, while the solution turns green, and particles of free chlorine attack gold).
The interaction formula looks like this:
Nitric acid oxidizes hydrochloric acid
HNO3 + 3HCl = NOCl + Cl2 + 2H2O.
During this process, two active substances appear: nitrosyl chloride and chlorine, which are able to dissolve gold:
Au + NOCl2 + Cl2 = AuCl3 + NO.
Gold chloride instantly attaches an HCl molecule to itself, and tetrachloroauric acid is formed, also popularly known as “chlorine gold”: AuCl3 + HCl = H (AuCl4).
The preparation of aqua regia at home should take place in compliance with all safety measures and in a well-ventilated area.
To prepare aqua regia, you need to acquire two main ingredients: concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.
We also strongly recommend using only glass test tubes (with marks) and a glass rod to evenly stir the "explosive mixture". Original cast is a mixture of two acids in a 1:3 ratio. Mix using only one test tube, do not measure acids in other containers, this way you minimize the chance of spilling acid.
Now you need to discuss separately those components that you will encounter in the manufacture of aqua regia.
Nitric acid
Monobasic acid, sensitive to light, has a very pungent suffocating odor. Nitric acid under strong light will decompose into nitric oxide and water. In this regard, one of the strongest acids is stored in a dark or opaque container. A concentrated solution of nitric acid does not dissolve aluminum and iron, so you can safely store it in a metal container.
I would like to note that nitric acid is a very strong electrolyte (like most acids) and an oxidizing agent. Highly interesting fact, is that nitric acid (like ozone) can be formed in the atmosphere during strong flashes of lightning. The composition of atmospheric air consists of 78% nitrogen, which reacts with atmospheric oxygen. This reaction produces nitric oxide (NO). Subsequently, with further oxidation in the open air, nitric oxide is converted into nitrogen dioxide (NO2, or as it is also called brown gas). When atmospheric moisture reacts with nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid is produced. The concentration in such cases is minimal, and it is not at all dangerous for people, animals and nature.
Hydrochloric acid
The second component of aqua regia is hydrochloric acid. This acid is colorless, in the open air emits steam in the form of "smoke", a very caustic liquid (hydrochloric acid of technical importance may have a yellowish tint due to the presence of iron and chlorine impurities in it).
When it comes to the physical properties of hydrochloric acid, here it is necessary to note its strong side when all metals (which are in the series of voltages up to hydrogen) are dissolved (H2 is released and chloride salts are formed). It is necessary to be very careful when using this acid, to carry out work or experiments in the open air or in a well-ventilated room, since the acid has a very pungent odor and strongly irritates the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract human body.
Hydrochloric acid is produced by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in ordinary water(H2O). In turn, hydrogen chloride can be obtained by reacting sodium chloride with highly concentrated sulfuric acid.
The use of aqua regia
Many Soviet and post-Soviet families knew the composition of aqua regia by heart. It is popularly used to dissolve gold at home, in order to extract pure gold from microcircuits, transistors, watches and other unnecessary devices that have a small amount of gold.
The main aspect of the successful completion of your planned chemical experiment with aqua regia is safety. Use funds personal protection, follow the safety rules, be extremely vigilant and attentive, your life and health will be at stake.
Ask a foreigner which one is in Russia national drink, and you will get the answer - vodka. Back in the 14th century, the "water of life" was first brought to Russia and presented to Prince Dmitry Donskoy. In the 15th century, it began to be produced in our country. In the 16th century they began to export. Vodka Tsarskaya is an alcohol imbued with the idea of the relationship between history and modern Russian culture.
The manufacturer is the Ladoga company, located in St. Petersburg. Branded bottles of Tsarskaya are made of cosmetic glass, thanks to which the excellent taste and high quality of the drink remain unchanged throughout the entire storage period.
Types and features
The line of Royal vodka is represented by two classic varieties: Golden and Original, as well as fruit varieties: Cranberry, Currant, Grapefruit, Citron and Raspberry. A limited series is produced Original New Year.
All varieties have a strength of 40% and a crystal clear color.
Each bottle is decorated with a reproduction of the portrait of Peter I by Karl Mohr, state heraldic symbols and views of St. Petersburg.
Alcoholic drinks are multiple winners of prestigious domestic and international competitions and exhibitions. Customer reviews confirm the high quality of alcohol.
Royal Golden
Vodka Tsarskaya Gold was created according to a recipe that dates back to the Petrine era. It is based on luxury wheat alcohol, specially purified water from Lake Ladoga, natural linden honey and infusion. lime blossom.
This vodka is truly golden. In its production, a unique technology for enriching the drink with gold ions is used. The bottle is also decorated with pure precious metal.
Tsarskaya Zolotaya has a mild sweetish taste with light notes of linden and honey.
Vodka is produced in bottles of 50 ml, 375 ml and 700 ml.
Pairs well with meats and fish dishes, salted or pickled vegetables and mushrooms.
Royal Original
The composition of vodka includes rectified alcohol from durum varieties wheat, linden honey, linden blossom infusion and purified water. During purification, the drink passes through birch charcoal and silver particles.
Transparent color and soft taste with light honey-linden notes create an organoleptic portrait of the drink.
Possible container volumes are 50, 375, 500 and 700 ml and 1 liter.
Royal Original Cranberry (Czar's Original Cranberry)
In the production of this fruity vodka, aromatic alcohol and cranberry extract are used. The color remains crystal clear. The taste is reminiscent of a popular dessert - cranberries in sugar. The drink has a long sweet aftertaste.
It is recommended to use as a digestif in combination with chilled watermelon, melon or pineapple.
The entire line of Czar's Original fruit vodka is available in 750 ml bottles.
Royal Original Currant (Czar's Original Currant)
This vodka is based on high-quality alcohol and black berry extract. The aroma is full of notes of fresh currant leaves. Berry taste is pronounced with herbal hints. The bouquet is complemented by a long aftertaste of dried currants.
Perfect as an aperitif or digestif. Gastronomically combined with berry and creamy desserts.
Czar's Original Grapefruit
If you prefer strong alcoholic drinks and love spicy citrus, then this Royal Vodka is created especially for you. It is distinguished by a bitter taste with notes of grapefruit peel, rich aroma of a flowering tree and a pronounced aftertaste.
Czar's Original Citron
Citron is a distillate of lemon peel, which gives it a mild citrus taste with a slight acidity and a fresh fruity aroma.
Serve chilled. Pairs well with lemon wedges in sugar.
Royal Original Raspberry (Czar's Original Raspberry)
Raspberry Czar's Original is truly a game of organoleptics. In aroma and taste are felt fresh berries forest raspberries, and in the aftertaste - spicy notes of bay leaf.
Royal Original New Year's
Every year, on the eve of the New Year, Ladoga releases a limited edition of the Tsarskaya Original in a festive design. Vodka differs exclusively in the bottle. Blue frosted glass, white carved snowflakes, curly inscription "Happy New Year!" and a large decorated Christmas tree with gifts. It's hard not to notice such beauty on the shelves.
The Tsarskaya Original was first released in 2003 for the 300th anniversary of the founding of St. Petersburg for the solemn events of the holiday. This was the beginning of the history of the production of vodka by the Ladoga plant under a sonorous brand.
Tsarskaya Zolotaya in 2006 received the status of the official drink of the G8 summit, which was held in Strelna (Saint Petersburg region).
The Czar's Original line was originally developed for the US, UK and German markets, where flavored vodkas are very popular. Later, after conducting a marketing research among our compatriots, it was decided to bring drinks to the Russian market.
Choice of the original
Royal vodka belongs to the Premium class, therefore it is of great interest to scammers who counterfeit alcohol. In order not to make a mistake in choosing when buying, pay attention to the following features:
- all surfaces of the bottle are slightly rounded;
- the bottom is strongly arched, it has embossed inscriptions;
- the label is transparent, on its front side there is a portrait of Peter I - check that the printing is of high quality;
- on the reverse side of the label there is an excerpt from the poem by A.S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman";
- a large inscription "Premium" is applied to the side surface of the bottle;
- on the neck there is a small label with the inscription "Royal Vodka";
- on the lid there is a protective branded film;
- the neck of the bottle has a dispenser, the diameter of the cat
The inscription "Royal" is inscribed on the orogo.
Be responsible for the choice of alcohol, because a fake can not only spoil the impression of a drink, but also harm your health.
Royal vodka is not elite alcohol, available only to representatives of royal families, but a dangerous mixture of acids that even affects metals. Anyone who wants to taste this substance can only express condolences, since aqua regia can cause irreparable harm to the body.
Royal vodka: what it consists of
Royal vodka is a mixture of highly concentrated acids, which are a very strong poison. Royal vodka is deadly to humans, as it dissolves even metals. It is made from one part hydrochloric acid (HCl) and three parts nitric acid (HNO3). Sometimes sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is also added there. Royal vodka looks like a yellow liquid, emitting a terrible smell of oxidized nitrogen and chlorine.
The main advantage of aqua regia is that it is able to dissolve any kind of metals, including gold and platinum, although the metals do not dissolve individually in any of the acids that make up the liquid. With a mixture of acids, active substances appear, which give rise to chemical reactions that can dissolve metals. At the same time, metals such as tantalum, rhodium and iridium are not affected by aqua regia and remain intact. Among other substances that do not dissolve in the acid mixture are fluoroplast and certain types of plastic.
History of creation and name
We owe the creation of aqua regia to the ancient alchemists who were looking for the legendary philosopher's stone that could turn any substance into gold. Since gold was considered the king of metals, the liquid capable of dissolving it was called aqua regia, which means “king of the waters” in Latin. In Russia, the name of the substance was somewhat changed, and it became known as aqua regia. The production of aqua regia began immediately after the alchemists managed to obtain hydrochloric acid. Such a composition was obtained from the distillation of copper sulfate, saltpeter and alum, which were sometimes also mixed with ammonia.
Using aqua regia
Today, few people are interested in the philosopher's stone, and aqua regia is used as a reagent in chemical laboratories, for example, for refining platinum and gold. Also, with the help of aqua regia, chlorides of various metals are obtained. Some amateurs can use aqua regia to extract a small amount of gold from old radio components. The substance retains its properties due to the presence of chlorine in it, which begins to evaporate if the vessel is left open. If you store aqua regia for a very long time, then it will disappear and will no longer dissolve metals.
Royal vodka is a synthesis of acids: nitric and hydrochloric. This product has a strong oxidizing power, which makes it possible to dissolve even gold in it. From these features comes the name - royal vodka. If this product is capable of dissolving the king of all metals, then it should also have an appropriate name - royal.
Getting aqua regia
Aqua regia is obtained by mixing part of nitric acid and 3 parts of hydrochloric acid. It is necessary to strictly adhere to the proportions so that the reaction is strong. Otherwise, the reaction may be short-lived and weak. Do not mix reagents by eye, as this will not achieve proper accuracy.
A graduated test tube should be used which will give maximum accuracy. Moreover, the use of different glassware should be avoided, and acids should be added to one test tube. The more you pour components from one container to another, the more likely you are to spill them and get a chemical burn.
Step by step preparation of aqua regia
First of all, hydrochloric acid must be poured into the test tube, since it is necessary for the preparation of aqua regia large quantity than nitrogen. And when mixing this kind of reagents, it will be better if you add less to more. This will avoid unnecessary splashing of components and therefore chemical burns.
After you have poured hydrochloric acid, add nitric acid to it in the right amount. The last thing you need here is haste. It is better to do everything slowly and deliberately, so as not to spill the reagents and not get burned. It is necessary to pour nitric acid in a thin stream, which eliminates splashes. It is not recommended to lean over the test tube, since acid vapors are extremely dangerous for the human body, both for the respiratory tract and for contact with the eyes. Pour the reagents as far away from your face as possible at arm's length.
After both acids are in the test tube in required quantity, mix them very gently with a stick. It is strongly not recommended to shake the test tube, it is extremely dangerous. When the sediment sinks to the bottom, the vodka is ready. At first, its color will be yellow, like the color of hydrochloric acid. Gradually, over half an hour, the color will become dark orange. This color of acids indicates that everything is done correctly and the chemical reaction you need is going on.
The name is unrelated to spirits and comes from the obsolete meaning of "vodka" and the mixture's unique ability to dissolve gold.
History of research and use
In Russia
In Russia, it was called royal vodka (M. V. Lomonosov, 1742), aqua regia (M. Parpois, 1796), nitrate-hydrochloric acid (V. V. Petrov, 1801), nitric hydrochloric acid (G I. Hess, 1831); other names are also known. The word "vodka" originally appeared in Russian around the 13th-14th centuries as a diminutive of the word "water" and had such a basic meaning until the middle of the 19th century. The word "vodka" acquired the meaning of "alcoholic drink" somewhere between the 14th and 19th centuries, initially as a dialect, and only at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century did it begin to mean the only "strong alcoholic drink".
Properties
It is a yellow-orange liquid with a strong smell of chlorine and nitrogen dioxide. Freshly made aqua regia is colorless, but quickly turns orange.
The interaction of HCl and HNO 3 forms a complex mixture of highly active products, including associates, nitrogen dioxide, chlorine and nitrosyl chloride (nitrosyl chloride). The presence among the products of the interaction of nitrosyl chloride NOCl and chlorine in a strongly acidic medium makes aqua regia one of the strongest oxidizing agents. The mixture is prepared immediately before its use: during storage, it decomposes with the formation of gaseous products (the formation of nitrogen dioxide and nitrosyl chloride gives color to aqua regia).
3 H C l + H N O 3 ⟶ C l 2 + N O C l + 2 H 2 O ; (\displaystyle (\mathsf (3HCl+HNO_(3)\longrightarrow Cl_(2)+NOCl+2H_(2)O));) 2 N O C l → 2 N O + C l 2 (\displaystyle (\mathsf (2NOCl\rightarrow 2NO+Cl_(2)))) 2 N O + O 2 ⟶ 2 N O 2 (\displaystyle (\mathsf (2NO+O_(2)\longrightarrow 2NO_(2))))The effectiveness of aqua regia as an oxidizing agent is largely associated with a decrease in the oxidation potential of metals due to the formation of chloride complex compounds. Complex formation in a strongly acidic oxidizing medium makes it possible to dissolve even at room temperature even such low-active metals as gold, platinum and palladium:
A u + 4 H C l + H N O 3 ⟶ H [ A u C l 4 ] + N O + 2 H 2 O (\displaystyle (\mathsf (Au+4HCl+HNO_(3)\longrightarrow H+NO\uparrow +2H_( 2)O))) 3 P t + 18 H C l + 4 H N O 3 ⟶ 3 H 2 [ P t C l 6 ] + 4 N O + 8 H 2 O (\displaystyle (\mathsf (3Pt+18HCl+4HNO_(3)\longrightarrow 3H_(2 )+4NO\uparrow +8H_(2)O)))Dissolution rate (
