Modern mass food culture is unimaginable without non-alcoholic soft drinks such as lemonade, coca or Pepsi. In the US, these types of drinks are called "soft drinks". The healing properties of mineral waters with gas were known four thousand years ago in Ancient Greece and ancient Rome. The physician Hippocrates in his treatise "On Airs, Waters and Places" wrote about how the sick were treated in fonts at temples. Greek priests strictly guarded their secrets, protecting the healing power of mineral water.

The discovery of the secret of sparkling water was as unexpected as most great discoveries. The English scientist Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), who lived next door to a small brewery, became interested in what kind of gas bubbles beer emits during fermentation. He, without further ado, hoisted two containers of water over the brewing beer. After some time, the water was saturated with beer carbon dioxide. Having tasted the resulting liquid, Priestley was struck by its unexpectedly pleasant sharp taste, and in 1767 he made the first bottle of carbonated water with his own hands.

In 1772, Priestley was admitted to the French Academy of Sciences for the discovery of soda, and in 1773. - Received a medal from the Royal Society. Joseph Priestley (Joseph Priestley, 1733-1804) - English priest, chemist, philosopher, public figure, was born in Fieldhead, near Leeds (Yorkshire, England) on March 13, 1733. He was the eldest of six children in the family of Jonas, a cloth maker Priestley. From 1742 he was brought up by Sarah Quigley, his maternal aunt.

Priestley studied at Batley School, where he studied Latin and Greek in depth. After a short break in his studies due to illness, Priestley decided to devote his life to serving the church. By this time he had already succeeded enough in the study of other languages ​​and knew French, German, Italian, Arabic and even Chaldean. Priestley was the first to obtain hydrogen chloride, ammonia, silicon fluoride, and sulfur dioxide. He also discovered the possibility of using rubber as an eraser to remove pencil inscriptions.

In 1770, the Swedish chemist Thorbern Olaf Bergman (1735-1784) designed a device with which it was possible to produce soda in large quantities. This device is called a saturator. Further developments were made by Johann Jacob Schwepp, who kept a jewelry shop in Geneva. From his youth, he dreamed of creating non-alcoholic champagne - with bubbles, but without alcohol. 20 years of experiments were crowned with success and in 1783 he developed an industrial plant for the production of carbonated water. Schwepp first sold his drink in Switzerland, but soon decided that in England the demand for it would be higher, and in 1790 he moved there. The British were famous for their passion for brandy, and Schwepp hoped to fill the niche of brandy thinners with his products.

Schwepp opened a still thriving company in England and began selling soda in glass bottles with an embossed logo. In the 1930s, J. Schweppe & Co began producing carbonated lemonade and other fruit waters. At that time, soda was considered an inexpensive imitation of healing mineral waters, soda was sold in pharmacies, and not in ordinary stores. Chemists ensured its further distribution: in 1784, it was first isolated lemon acid(from lemon juice). In 1833, the first carbonated lemonades appeared on sale in England (the name of the drink lemonade comes from the word lemon - lemon).

In 1871, a landmark event occurred - for the first time in the United States (and in the world) was registered trademark soft drink - it was called "Stunning Carbonated Lemon Ginger Ale" - Lemon's Superior Sparkling Ginger Ale.

In the future, the process of inventing new flavors and drinks has become an avalanche. Trendsetters usually became pharmacists and pharmacists. In 1875, American pharmacist Charles Hires came across a drink made homemade from the roots of certain plants - ten years later Hires began selling bottled non-alcoholic "root beer" (tastes like marshmallow root tincture).

In 1886, Coca-Cola and Dr. Pepper. Initially Coca-Cola was made from a tincture of coca leaves and kola nuts, pharmacist John Pemberton came up with a recipe for a syrup designed to treat headaches and colds and guessed to dilute it with carbonated water. The authors of numerous books on the history of the most popular soda of the millennium constantly cite fun fact: in the first year, due to the sale of "coca", it was possible to gain $ 25, while $ 75 was spent on advertising a new drink.

Dr. Pepper was also the product of a pharmacist (Wade Morrison) and a chemist (Robert Lazenby). Dr. Pepper, based on cherry syrup, was first made in a pharmacy (in Waco, Texas), selling it under the slogan "King of Beverages, Free from Caffeine" (caffeine was added later). According to legend, the name Dr. Pepper - "Doctor Pepper" came from the name of a military doctor who once forbade the enterprising Morrison to marry his daughter.In 1898, Pepsi-Cola appeared (according to some versions, originally a cure for intestinal disorders), which was invented by the pharmacist Caleb Bradham \\ Caleb Bradham, who mixed kola nut extract, vanillin and aromatic oils.In the early 20th century, other drinks appeared that are still on the shelves of American stores, in particular - Royal-Crown Cola and Canada Dry Ginger Ale. In 1906, the first all-American advertising campaign for lemonade took place - Clicquot Club Ginger Ale, named after the famous brand of champagne "Veuve Clicquot".

The success of soda turned out to be dependent on political factors. After the outbreak of the First World War, the industry was paralyzed - the reason was the shortage of sugar. Manufacturers are in dire straits because the US government has deemed their product unimportant to the healthy diet of Americans. It is curious that the US authorities made a similar decision during the Second World War, but by this time the Americans were addicted to this kind of drink, so carbonated drinks were included in the diet of American soldiers. American soldiers at the front could have problems with cartridges and bandages, but they were always delivered the right bottles of coke on time.

In 1929, the Great Depression, an unprecedented economic crisis, began in the United States, which destroyed many small companies that specialized in the production of such goods. However, the major players survived. Also in 1929, Lithiated Lemon was invented, which is now known under the brand name 7Up. After the end of Prohibition, its producers began to advertise lemonade as a wonderful way to create alcoholic cocktails- thanks to this, this 7Up survived the most difficult years. Later, inventors got involved: they improved the process of mixing syrup and carbonated water (the first, in 1922, Coca-Cola did this), established product quality control (before that, drinks sold under the same brand, but produced in different cities, were often different taste), and also created branded packaging (bottles).

The 1950s were the beginning new era- the emergence of "healthy" drinks. At first, high-calorie and unacceptable for certain categories of patients, sugar began to be replaced with artificial sweeteners. In 1952, the small New York company Kirsch Beverages produced the first lemonade intended for diabetics - No-Cal Ginger Ale (in which saccharin replaced sugar). In 1962, Diet-Rite Cola (manufactured by the Royal Crown Company), which was sweetened with cyclamates, was introduced throughout the United States. In 1963, the Coca-Cola Tab appeared, and in 1965, Diet Pepsi. Big chemistry has made a significant contribution to this business as well. In the 1980s, aspartame (produced under the brand name Nutra-Sweet), and in the late 1990s, sucralose (sold under the brand name Splenda) began to be mass-produced. At the beginning of the third millennium, trendsetters in this area - The Coca-Cola Company Co and PepsiCo, as well as their many competitors, have launched low-calorie sodas. In many ways, this step was due to the enormous popularity of the Atkins Diet, the essence of which is the rejection of carbohydrates.

In 1960, a new class of drinks appeared - "sports". The pioneer was Gatorade, which was developed by the University of Florida at the request of the coaches of the university football team called Gator. This and similar drinks did not contain gas, instead they were loaded with vitamins and other substances that are supposed to help athletes quench their thirst and improve performance. The 1980s saw the introduction of caffeine-free drinks. Initially, this was done in order to attract certain groups of the US population who, for various reasons, could not use traditional caffeinated lemonades - for example, children, hypertensive patients, or adherents of certain religious cults. high content caffeine - their creators expected to attract students, businessmen and all people who urgently needed to cheer up (it is known that a cup of coffee contains twice as much caffeine as a regular soft drink - new versions of lemonade, in particular, Jolt Cola, destroyed this advantage of coffee). In the 1990s, a logical continuation appeared - energetic drinks"(Red Bull became a pioneer), which contained horse doses of caffeine and other invigorating substances and were intended for visitors to discos and athletes.

In the 1990s, another trend emerged in the United States: consumers began to pay more attention to juices and drinks based on them (Nantucket Nectars juice, produced by the company of the same name, became the first here), as well as more "natural" drinks based on tea, coffee, vegetable juices and natural stimulants. However, according to the American Beverage Association, despite the abundance available flavors and recipes, traditional soda remains the most popular in the US, accounting for more than 73% of total sales, in second place are non-carbonated sugary drinks (13.7%), and in third place is bottled water (13.2%). Today, in the US alone, such drinks are produced by several hundred companies employing more than 200,000 people. The American Economics Group, a consulting firm, estimates that the non-alcoholic industry employs more than 3 million people in the US, with a market worth $278 billion a year.

According to the network.

American pharmacist Caleb Bradham from New Bern. The composition of the soda, which he called "Brad's Drink" (Brad's Drink), included pepsin and kola nut extract. He also attributed healing properties to soda and assured that pepsin aided digestion. The usual name "Pepsi-Cola" received in 1903. In 1964, Pepsi introduced a diet soda.

On August 24-25, 1978, in Sosnovka, in the palace of Alexander III, the president of the Pepsi-Cola company, Dr. Hammer, and his wife stayed. He came to the opening of a bottling shop in Evpatoria.

On February 6, 1981, the production of Pepsi-Cola was launched in Novosibirsk.

In 1986, Pepsi became a sponsor of the Goodwill Games.

In 1988, Pepsi placed the first commercial in the history of Soviet television.

Pepsi in Russia

Opening of Pepsi bottling plants in Russian cities:

In popular culture

Literature

The first sip completely stunned him, stunned him to such an extent that he half-reclined for some time, leaning against a stone, and his eyes were so wide open, so motionless and so full of reflected light, that any passer-by would undoubtedly take him for a dead man. Then he began to drink greedily, holding the glass with both hands, almost not noticing the rotten, throbbing pain in his crippled fingers - he was so shocked by the taste of the drink. "Sweet! Gods, so sweet! Such sweetness! Such…”

Music

"Pepsi" in Russian-language music:

Cinema

The mention of a drink, bottles, cans or advertising streamers can be seen or heard in such films and cartoons as: "End vacation", "Needle", "Back to future", "Vacation in Prostokvashino", "Interception", "Kon-Tiki ", etc. In the 1979 Soviet film "Foam" (directed by A. Stefanovich, script by S. Mikhalkov), the character Poludushkin (Rolan Bykov) brings Makhonin (Anatoly Papanov) a box of Pepsi-Cola, which Makhonin loves in the story . The very name of the film "Foam" has a certain allusion to the foam of "Pepsi-Cola".

Health impact

The press often raises questions about whether the use of Pepsi-Cola is completely safe for health and whether it can this drink be a complete element of the diet of a healthy person. No specific negative effect of Pepsi-Cola on the body has been officially established; The effect of the drink on health does not differ from that for similar products:

• it is not recommended to drink highly carbonated drinks to persons suffering from diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in particular, acute and chronic gastritis, including those accompanied by increased gastric secretion, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, disorders of the biliary tract, diseases of the pancreas and other pathological processes;
• carbonated water causes indigestion and can lead to pancreatitis if consumed continuously.
• excessive intake of phosphoric acid in the body can cause calcium deficiency and urolithiasis;
• with prolonged use of Pepsi-Cola, an allergy to its components (including urticaria) may appear, which lasts up to 4 weeks, as it is aggravated by the lack of the necessary calcium in the body.

In January 2011, in California, 4-methylimidazole, found in caramel color, was listed as a possible carcinogen, indicating that 16 micrograms per day of the substance was of no significant hazard. The indicated amount of the substance is much less than the average intake of the body when consuming Pepsi. The food industry opposed the decision, pointing out the need for additional warnings on many products, and also questioned the validity of these data.

In March 2012, Coca-Cola and Pepsi announced changes to the production of caramel colors: to meet the new California standards, drinks sold in California already meet the new requirements. As of March 2012, the method of making caramel colors used in Europe has not changed, the content of 4-methylimidazole remains at the same level.

Possible composition of the drink

The original recipe for Pepsi-Cola, brought to court in the United States when the company filed for bankruptcy in 1923.

If you convert to the metric system, it will be something like this:

Stir for 2 hours, boil water with sugar beforehand.

Petigrenevoe lemon oil obtained from the leaves and branches of the lemon tree. The drink originally contained the enzyme pepsin, which aids in digestion. Like Coca-Cola, Pepsi was first sold on still water, and probably contained gum arabic as an emulsifier.

In advertising

• - "You pay as before, you get twice" (Eng. "Twice as Much for a Nickel"). Full text of the song:

Pepsi Cola is on the road!
Twelve full ounces is a lot.
You pay as before, you get twice.
This is our drink, Pepsi, we are with you.

• 1950 - "More Bounce to the Ounce"
• 1958 - "Be Sociable" (Eng. "Be Sociable, Have a Pepsi")
• 1961 - “Pepsi is for those who think young” (eng. "Now It's Pepsi for Those Who Think Young")
• 1964 - "Rise up, you're in the Pepsi generation" (Eng. "Come Alive, You're in the Pepsi Generation")
• 1967 - "The taste that wins over other drinks, the taste of Pepsi" (eng. "(Taste that beats the others cold) Pepsi Pours It On")
• 1969 - "You have a lot to live, Pepsi has a lot to offer" (Eng. "You've Got a Lot to Live, Pepsi's Got a Lot to Give")
• 1973 - English. "Join the Pepsi people"
• 1975 - “Happy day with Pepsi” (eng. “Have a Pepsi day”)
• 1979 - “Catch the spirit of Pepsi” (eng. “Catch that Pepsi spirit”)
• 1981 - "Pepsi's got your taste for life"
• 1983 - "Pepsi Now!" (eng. "Pepsi's Now!")
• 1984 - "The new generation chooses Pepsi" (Eng. "The Choice of a New Generation")
• 1991 - "Gotta Have It"
• 1995 - "Nothing else - it's Pepsi." (English "Nothing Else is a Pepsi")
• 1999 - "Take everything from life" / "Enjoying Cola" (eng. "Ask for More" / "The Joy of Cola")
• 2003 - "Real Cola" / "Decide on More" (eng. "It's the Cola" / "Dare for More")
• 2007 - "Feel happier" (English "More happy")
• 2007 - “Open. Live. Create"
• 2010 - "Everything is just beginning"
• 2011 - "Live in big sips"
• 2012 - "With Pepsi here and now"
• 2013 - “With Pepsi here and now. Live here and now"
• 2014 - "Live here and now"
• 2015 - “Accept the challenge of Pepsi. Live here and now"

Pepsi is widely known for its commercials. The Pepsi commercial featured:

Andrey Arshavin, Band'Eros group, Animals group, Dmitry Sychev, Disco Avariya group, Decl,

How did PepsiCo Corporation enter the USSR market? How many different cunning and manipulative combinations were played out just for one thing, the introduction of the American way of life into the minds of Soviet citizens.

In 1953, Nixon was elected vice president, and after a while, Pepsi's business took off. In 1959, the first ever US national exhibition opened in Moscow. And it was Nixon who was supposed to represent the American government on it. Kendall (CEO of PepsiCo) was quick to take advantage of the opportunity.

“In the evening,” Kendall recalled, “on the eve of the opening of the exhibition, there was a dinner at the embassy. Tommy Thompson was the ambassador at the time. I confessed to Nixon that I was in big trouble at home and said, "I need Khrushchev to have a Pepsi in his hand, or I won't get well." Nixon replied, "Don't worry, I'll take him to your booth."


Legendary photo. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Richard Nixon and Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov. The role of the bartender is performed personally by the head of PepsiCo, Donald Kendell.
At the exhibition's opening, Nixon kept his promise. I informed Khrushchev that I had a Pepsi that we brought from the United States and a Pepsi made here in Moscow, and suggested that he try both, expressing my confidence that we could make Pepsi here as well as in the United States. States. Khrushchev tried both and announced: "Moscow's Pepsi-Cola is much better than the one made in New York." And he began to offer Moscow Pepsi to others with the words: "Here is a good Pepsi-Cola." The press, of course, went crazy. Our advertising slogan at that time was "Be more sociable, Pepsi will help!". The photographs were distributed all over the world. Newspapers featured pictures of Khrushchev serving Pepsi-Cola on the front pages, and the caption under the photo read: "Khrushchev wants to be sociable."
But this was not enough.


“I,” Kendall recalled, “came to Russia in 1970 to meet with Kosygin, who was then prime minister. He talked about the five-year plan, shook hands with us. Tommy Thompson, who was ambassador here in 1959, told me: “If you want to deal with them, you need to forget about direct money transactions. Barter only." And he also said: “Russians are beside themselves because of Smirnoff vodka. Smirnoff looks like a Russian product, but it's bottled in Hartford, Connecticut. We need to offer them Pepsi in exchange for Russian vodka.”
Shaking hands with Kosygin, I introduced myself, saying that I was Donald Kendall from Pepsi-Cola, he remarked: “Ah, you are the same person who wants to trade with us in exchange for our vodka.” And I realized that Dobrynin informed about our plans. I had a briefcase with me, where there was a can of Pepsi. I took it out and handed it to Kosygin. Of course, everyone immediately began to say that Kendall came to push his Pepsi. And inside the jar there was actually a receiver. I turned it on and it was tuned into Moscow radio, to Kosygin's surprise. The effect was amazing.
This evening we went to the reception. Some official warned me: "In five minutes he will come to you." Approaching, Kosygin said: "We want to trade with you, your Pepsi for our vodka, liter per liter." I had already had a drink, felt at ease and replied: “I can understand why you are not the Minister of Commerce. Liter per liter! Of course, we are ready to give liter for liter.” Kosygin remarked: "I'm talking about your concentrate, liter per liter." And then it dawned on me what he meant. Early 1980s /"Kommersant"/
For reference.
Pepsi is made from concentrate. The concentrate comes from the USA in 19 liter plastic cans. This canister was bred for 1000 liters of syrup. Syrup - with another 5000 liters of water. Total - 6000 liters of Pepsi. Or 18,181 glass bottles of 0.33 liters.


Early 1980s Branded kiosk "Pepsi Cola" in the USSR
In the spring of 1974, the first - and for the next 24 years the only one for 1/6 of the land - a shop for the production of a foreign drink was opened in Novorossiysk. Only here Pepsi could be bought calmly, without any queues, right on the street. At a price of 45 kopecks, against 15 kopeck lemonade. Drain the bottle from the neck. And hand it back, returning their legal 10 kopecks "for the container."


May 31, 1974 PepsiCo Board of Directors at the opening of a plant in Novorossiysk
The grand opening of the Pepsi-Cola production workshop took place on May 31, 1974. Employees of Trust No. 12 coped with the task of the party, ensuring the commissioning of the facility on a turnkey basis in less than 11 months. The record that Donald Kendell spoke of has been broken. By the way, he personally came to the ceremony and brought with him the entire board of directors of PepsiCo, which included representatives of the largest American corporations: General Motors, IBM, Chase and others. In the book of guests of honor, Kendell wrote: "The plant is the most beautiful and, of course, one of the most modern plants in the world."
For reference. At the time of negotiations with the Americans, Novorossiysk was not mentioned. The city did not even have its own sources of water supply. fresh water delivered by tankers from Tuapse. In the early 1970s, shock construction was going on in Novorossiysk. They laid the Trinity water conduit - from artesian wells through the mountains.


September 8, 1974 What Leonid Brezhnev talked about with a girl on the soda bottling line remained a mystery
The second opening of the Pepsi-Cola workshop happened in the early autumn of that year.
- On September 7, we were waiting at the Brezhnev factory, - Dmitry Kusmartsev recalls. - The tables were set, everyone was dressed up. But then they call the director and say: "Leonid Ilyich was intercepted by military sailors on the way." The next morning, at 10:00, a visit was again scheduled. And now Brezhnev has definitely arrived. He was very easy to communicate with. I walked through the shops, looked carefully at everything, laughed with the workers, and then whispered something to the girl who was standing on the bottling line. When they were already out in the air, I was not far from him. And suddenly I see how Leonid Ilyich stopped and fell silent, and then tears appeared in his eyes. Quietly said: "It's necessary, how many guys I lost at this place." Then, besides the plant, nothing had been built around yet - even the old funnels were clearly visible. /Spetsstroy magazine/
For reference. In 1982, the office of the Central Committee of the CPSU prepared a certificate on the work of PepsiCo in the USSR. She testified that in 1973-1981. 1.9 million decaliters of Stolichnaya vodka worth $25 million were shipped to the United States. At the same time, 32.3 million deciliters of Pepsi-Cola were produced during the same period and 303.3 million rubles were generated from its sale (taking into account the exchange rate, 139.3 million rubles more). Thus, Kosygin's formula "an exchange of a liter for a liter" actually turned into a difference of 1 to 17.
Today, PepsiCo is the owner of such brands as Lay's®, Pepsi®, Lipton Ice Tea®, Aqua Minerale®, Adrenaline Rush®, Orchard, House in the Village, Chudo, Agusha, Cheetos® , KhrusTeam, Mirinda®, 7 Up®, I, J7®, Beloved, Cheerful Milkman, Bio Max®, Imunele, Russian Gift, Miracle Berry, Essentuki , "Springs of Russia" and "Healthcare".

soft drink juice fruit drink

There are things that seem to have always existed. We do not wonder who invented the spoon, the glass, the plate; who was the first to think of cooking porridge or soup, picking an apple from a branch or adding salt to food.

The healing properties of mineral waters with gas were known already four thousand years ago in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The great scientist Hippocrates, in his treatise “On Airs, Waters and Places,” writes that the sick were treated in fonts at temples. Greek priests strictly guarded their secrets, protecting the healing power of mineral water.

Carbonated drinks have been around for over two hundred years. The creator of soda - the English scientist Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), living next to the brewery and watching her work, became interested in what kind of bubbles the beer emits during fermentation. Then he hoisted two containers of water over the brewing beer. After a while, the water was charged with beer carbon dioxide. Having tasted the resulting liquid, the scientist was struck by its unexpectedly pleasant sharp taste, and in 1767 he himself made the first bottle of carbonated water. Soda was sold only in pharmacies.

In 1772, Priestley was admitted to the French Academy of Sciences for the discovery of soda, and in 1773 he received a medal from the Royal Society.

Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) - English priest, chemist, philosopher, public figure, was born in Fieldhead, near Leeds (Yorkshire, England) on March 13, 1733. He was the eldest of six children in the family of Jonas Priestley, a cloth maker. From 1742 he was brought up by Sarah Quigley, his maternal aunt. Priestley studied at Batley School, where he studied Latin and Greek in depth. After a short break in his studies due to illness, Priestley decided to devote his life to serving the church. By this time he had already succeeded enough in the study of other languages ​​and knew French, German, Italian, Arabic and even Chaldean.

It was Priestley who first obtained hydrogen chloride, ammonia, silicon fluoride, sulfur dioxide

Soon, scientists found a way to get carbon dioxide in a simpler way - by combining carbonates (ordinary chalk with acid). This prompted the idea of ​​another researcher, the Swede Thorbern Bergman, to invent in 1770 a device in which carbon dioxide quickly dissolved in water under pressure. The device was called a saturator, which means "saturating" in Latin. But Bergman, like his predecessor, did not find practical application for his invention. After 13 years, an amateur chemist, Genevan jeweler Jacob Schwepp, dreaming of creating non-alcoholic champagne, improved the saturator. In 1783, he designed an industrial apparatus and began producing sparkling water. Despite the fact that little attention was paid to the new product in Switzerland, carbonated water gained popularity in England: it was usually mixed with strong drinks.

Subsequently, to reduce the cost of producing carbonated water, Schwepp began to use the usual baking soda, after which this water began to be called "soda". The novelty quickly spread throughout England and its colonies, which allowed the chemist to establish the Schwepp & Co company, which is still flourishing.

Schwepp founded a still thriving company in England, which began to sell soda in glass jars with an embossed logo. In the 1930s, J. Schweppe & Co began producing carbonated lemonade and other fruit waters.

Manufacturing industry soft drinks originated at the end of the 18th century, when water carbonated with carbon dioxide appeared on sale (in France and England). It was then considered an inexpensive imitation of healing mineral waters, and soda was sold in pharmacies, and not in ordinary stores. Chemists provided further expansion: in 1784, citric acid was first isolated (from lemon juice). In 1833, the first carbonated lemonades appeared on sale in England. The first carbonated drink called "lemonade" appeared. From the word lemon.

John Riley, author of the classic The Organization of the Soft Drink Industry, notes the following: In 1871, a landmark event occurred - for the first time in the United States (and in the world) a soft drink trademark was registered - it was called "Fabulous Carbonated Lemon Ginger Ale

In 1875, the American pharmacist Charles Hires became acquainted with a drink made from the roots of certain plants in an artisanal way - ten years later Hires began selling bottled non-alcoholic "root beer".

People liked the new carbonated water so much that the companies involved in its production began to produce water with impurities of berry and fruit natural juices, which significantly increased the cost of the product. Science came to the rescue, which helped make carbonated fruit water cheaper: citric acid was isolated and in 1833 soda with this acid additive was called lemonade.

In Japan.

1876, a non-alcoholic carbonated drink was created by the Japanese Alexander Cameron Sim. The Japanese have their own Japanese Ramune lemonade. Ramune is somewhat similar to classic lemonade. The design of the bottles is particularly extravagant. Their appearance changes with each batch, as well as in a glass ball.

Inventor Hirema Codd created a bottle for Ramune. The glass ball is in the neck of the glass bottle, which creates a ringing sound when drinking. At first it is difficult for Ramuna to drink, because the ball blocks the neck. It takes practice. The creation of the bottle is addressed to children who do not remember the name of the drink.

Today, the choice of non-alcoholic carbonated drinks is very wide. The most common in the world, of course, are Pepsi and Coca-Cola. Despite this, the popularity of domestic drinks in our country does not lag behind foreign manufacturers.

Everyone has heard about the difficulties that American entrepreneurs had to face when they decided to sell their products to the USSR during the Cold War. Many of them, as was the case with Pepsi CEO Donald M. Kendall, had to resort to incredible subterfuge to do business with the Union, reluctantly raising the Iron Curtain and letting in everything that could smell of the United States and "capitalism". The company, run by a beverage magnate, was the first to convince the Communists to let them sell their best product on the Soviet market.

Khrushchev's Pepsi

The "romance" between Pepsi and the Soviet Union began in the summer of 1959 during the American National Exhibition in Moscow, through which President Eisenhower wanted to use propaganda to shake the imagination of the Soviet people by demonstrating the capitalist way of life in the United States. At the same time, as Rachel Barron points out in her monograph "Richard Nixon as a Politician", the US government was trying to establish mutual understanding with the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, with whom he always had a difficult relationship (no wonder he became one of the main actors of the Cuban Missile Crisis). in October 1962).

During the exhibition, a historic dispute broke out between Nixon, who was vice president at the time, and the communist leader who led Soviet Union during de-Stalinization. The controversy erupted over "traditional" American cuisine.

While the exhibition was going on, Kendall very successfully slipped a bottle of his famous drink, which he no doubt drank, becoming the subject of one of the most emblematic photographs of the Cold War and the best advertising for an American firm.

Context

Pepsi challenges politics

New York Press 03/04/2004

Viktor Ginzburg and Generation "P"

Cafebabel.fr 04/13/2012

Khrushchev in Iowa

Bloomberg 01/31/2016

Gorbachev embodied everything that was good about communism

iDNES.cz 15.03.2015

After becoming president of Pepsi, the American businessman decided to try to negotiate with the Union to supply his carbonated drinks to Soviet counters. In negotiating with a communist power, the Americans had to face an important obstacle - how to pay? The ruble did not circulate on international markets, so the businessman from the United States and the leadership of the USSR had to go to the trick to conclude an agreement on the exchange of an American drink for the most famous Russian - vodka.

The agreement between the USSR and Pepsi provided for the supply of large quantities of Stolichnaya to the United States, on which Kendall intended to make money. And so it happened that the American company for the production of soft drinks became the first to produce a capitalist drink on Soviet soil.

The agreement, signed in 1972, was extremely beneficial for both parties: Pepsi gained access to the coveted Soviet market, and the USSR (now led by Leonid Brezhnev) paid for natural products in abundance.

Soda in exchange for weapons

In subsequent years, the American company opened numerous enterprises in the USSR - their number reached 20 in 1989, when the contract expired. The Americans and the Gorbachev administration had to sit down again at the negotiating table to revise the terms of the agreement.

This time the solution was found in the form of armaments. In the early 1990s, the USSR was in the midst of a painful process of disintegration. The country, until recently the main rival of the United States in the struggle for world supremacy, turned into a colossus with feet of clay due to the economic collapse of the late 1980s, caused in part by exhausting competition with the capitalists. This race, as Julio Sau Aguayo rightly points out in one of his books, dates back to World War II, after which tensions became apparent during the famous Potsdam Conference of 1945.

In that situation, the Soviet leadership did not find anything better than to offer an American corporation to pay for its products with weapons that turned out to be unnecessary with the end of the Cold War. So Pepsi became the owner of 17 submarines, one cruiser, one frigate and one destroyer, becoming for a short time the sixth military force in the world. Newspaper New York Times cites a funny episode that took place in a conversation between Kendall and US national security adviser in the Bush administration, Brent Scowcroft. On the topic of paying for Pepsico's products with weapons, Kendall said with irony to a government representative: "We are disarming the USSR faster than you."

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