The history of consumption of sparkling water in Russia goes back more than one century. Soda managed to be a whim of aristocrats, folk drink and even a weapon of geopolitics, our answer to Coke.
Where did he even come from - lemonade?
Like many great inventions, sparkling water was invented by mistake. According to legend, the first “soda” in history was made by the cupbearer of King Louis I. When the monarch asked for wine, the cupbearer confused the barrels with wine and juice. I noticed a mistake and added mineral water to the juice. The king liked the drink. Allegedly, this is how “royal lemonade” appeared.
But this is a legend. In fact, it is known that back in the 17th century in France, lemonade was a mixture of lemon juice with mineral water. Not everyone could afford such a drink, so consuming lemonade was considered a whim of the aristocracy. We drank lemonade in Italy too. There, lemonade was also infused with various herbs.
Thus, the world history of lemonade began with mixing lemon juice with mineral water, only in 1767 the English scientist Joseph Priestley invented a saturator, with the help of which it became possible to saturate plain water with bubbles of carbon dioxide.
The first carbonated lemonades appeared at the beginning of the 19th century, and in 1871 the first lemonade was patented in the USA. With a fancy name: "High Quality Lemon Sparkling Ginger Ale." This is exactly the fizzy drink that Lolita loved to drink in Nabokov’s acclaimed novel.
Petrovsky innovations
The appearance of lemonade in Russia is associated with Peter the Great. He brought the recipe, and most importantly the fashion for drinking lemonade, from Europe. The diplomat of Peter the Great's time, Pyotr Tolstoy, wrote that abroad “they drink more lemonade...”. People in Russia immediately fell in love with the new drink, and the emperor ordered “to drink lemonade at assemblies.” Having picked up the fashion trend, noble and merchant families began to prepare the soft drink, although it was not cheap and was stored for only a week.
Lemonade in art
By the beginning of the 19th century, lemonade in Russia was drunk not only in assemblies and not only by aristocrats. True, it was usually not carbonated lemonade, but rather lemon water. Mixing it with mineral water was still expensive. Herman drank lemonade in Pushkin's "The Queen of Spades" and Arbenin in Lermontov's "Masquerade", Dunya in "The Station Agent" served her father a mug of "lemonade she had prepared." In Chekhov's story "Ferment of Minds" Akim Danilych drank lemonade with cognac in a grocery store.
Soda
In Russia, the history of lemonade received its unique development. In 1887, Tiflis pharmacist Mitrofan Lagidze came up with the idea of mixing sparkling water not with lemon juice, but with an extract of Caucasian tarragon, better known as tarragon. At pre-revolutionary international exhibitions, the effervescent and aromatic drink Lagidze repeatedly received gold medals. Mitrofan Lagidze was a supplier to the Imperial Court and the Shah of Iran.
“Lagidze Water” was also popular in Soviet time. From the Tbilisi plant twice a week, on Mondays and Wednesdays, batches of lemonade were sent to Moscow on special flights for the top officials of the state. It is known that Khrushchev loved pear and orange drinks, Brezhnev - pear and tarragon, Kalinin - orange, Anastas Mikoyan - pear and lemon.
“Waters of Lagidze” also participated in geopolitics. Tbilisi lemonades were on the tables of the Yalta Conference participants; Franklin Roosevelt took several thousand bottles of Cream Soda with him to the USA, and Churchill mentioned Yalta lemonade in his memoirs.
When another US president, Harry Truman, sent 1000 bottles of Coca-Cola as a gift to the USSR in 1952, he received in return a whole batch of various Lagidze lemonades, including such exotic types as chocolate and cream.
Slot machines
On April 16, 1937, the first sparkling water machine was installed in the Smolny canteen. This can be considered a truly historical event. Further more. Machine guns began to appear in Moscow, and then throughout the Union. Just sparkling water cost one kopeck, sparkling water with syrup was sold for three kopecks. The cups were reusable and simply rinsed with a stream of water, which was far from current hygienic standards.
Siphons
Those who “come from the USSR” remember that previously every house had a siphon - such a semi-fantastic unit with replaceable carbon dioxide cartridges. It was necessary to know how to handle the siphon, and to maintain safety precautions with the cans - if installed incorrectly, the siphon began to hiss alarmingly. Siphon cans were also used to charge air guns, but this is not relevant to the topic of the article.
Lemonades today
Today, lemonades are, as they say, not the same. Only the lazy did not talk about the dangers of excessive consumption of carbonated drinks, and if this drink is also made with the addition of dyes, stabilizers and contains a huge dose of sugar, then the result is completely dangerous lemonade. Natural lemonade is rarely found, and it can only be stored for a week.
There is such a historical story: “Lavrentiy Beria suspected Mitrofan Lagidze of being “chemical” when preparing his famous lemonades. Then Lagidze prepared his “Tarragon” right in the room, under Stalin and Beria.”
It was a level.
American pharmacist Caleb Bradham from New Bern. The soda, which he called Brad's Drink, contained pepsin and kola nut extract. He also attributed healing properties to soda and claimed that pepsin aided digestion. Pepsi-Cola received its usual name in 1903. In 1964, Pepsi released diet soda.
On August 24-25, 1978, the president of the Pepsi-Cola company, Dr. Hammer and his wife, stayed in Sosnovka, in the palace of Alexander III. He came to the opening of a drink bottling workshop in Yevpatoria.
On February 6, 1981, Pepsi-Cola production was launched in Novosibirsk.
In 1986, Pepsi became a sponsor of the Goodwill Games.
In 1988, Pepsi placed the first commercial in the history of Soviet television.
Pepsi in Russia
Opening of Pepsi bottling plants in Russian cities:
In popular culture
Literature
The first sip completely stunned him, stunned him to such an extent that for some time he reclined, leaning against the stone, and his eyes were so wide open, so motionless and so full of reflected light that any passer-by would undoubtedly have taken him for a dead man. Then he began to drink greedily, holding the glass with both hands, almost not noticing the rotten, throbbing pain in his crippled fingers - he was so shocked by the taste of the drink. “Sweet! Gods, such sweetness! So sweet! Such..."
Music
"Pepsi" in Russian-language music:
Cinema
Mention of the drink, bottles, cans or advertising banners can be seen or heard in such films and cartoons as: “The End of the Vacation”, “Needle”, “Back to the Future”, “Vacation in Prostokvashino”, “Interception”, “Kon-Tiki” ", etc. In the 1979 Soviet film "Foam" (directed by A. Stefanovich, script by S. Mikhalkov), the character Poludushkin (Rolan Bykov) brings Makhonin (Anatoly Papanov) a box of Pepsi-Cola, which Makhonin loves according to the plot . The very name of the film “Foam” has a certain allusion to Pepsi-Cola foam.
Health effects
Questions are often raised in the press about whether drinking Pepsi-Cola is completely safe for health and whether this drink be a complete element of the diet healthy person. No specific negative effect of Pepsi-Cola on the body has been officially established; the effect of the drink on health is no different from that of similar products:
- It is not recommended to drink highly carbonated drinks for persons suffering from diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in particular, acute and chronic gastritis, including those accompanied by increased gastric secretion, peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum, disorders of the biliary tract, diseases of the pancreas and other pathological processes;
- carbonated water causes stomach upset and can lead to pancreatitis if consumed regularly.
- Excessive intake of orthophosphoric acid into the body can cause calcium deficiency and urolithiasis;
- With long-term use of Pepsi-Cola, an allergy to its components (including urticaria) may occur, which lasts up to 4 weeks, as it is aggravated by the lack of the required level of calcium in the body.
In January 2011, California listed 4-methylimidazole, a component of caramel coloring, as a possible carcinogen, indicating that 16 mcg per day does not pose a significant risk. The indicated amount of the substance is much less than the average intake of the body when consuming Pepsi. The food industry opposed the decision, pointing out the need for additional warnings on many products, and also questioned the validity of the data.
In March 2012, Coca-Cola and Pepsi announced changes in the production of caramel colors: to comply with new California standards, drinks sold in California already meet the new requirements. As of March 2012, the method of manufacturing caramel colors used in Europe has not been changed, the content of 4-methylimidazole remains at the same level.
Possible composition of the drink
The original recipe for Pepsi-Cola, submitted to court in the United States when the company declared bankruptcy in 1923.
If converted to the metric system it would be something like this:
Stir for 2 hours, pre-boil water and sugar.
Petigrenevoye lemon oil obtained from the leaves and branches of the lemon tree. Initially, the drink contained the enzyme pepsin, which promotes digestion. Like Coca-Cola, Pepsi was first sold in still water, and probably contained gum arabic as an emulsifier.
In advertising
- - “You pay as before, you get double” (eng. "Twice as Much for a Nickel"). Full lyrics of the song:
Pepsi-Cola is on the road!
Twelve full ounces is a lot.
You pay as before, you get double.
This is our drink, Pepsi, you and I.
- 1950 - "More Bounce to the Ounce"
- 1958 - “Be Sociable, Have a Pepsi”
- 1961 - “Pepsi is for those who think young” (eng. "Now It's Pepsi for Those Who Think Young")
- 1964 - “Look up, you’re in the Pepsi generation” (eng. "Come Alive, You're in the Pepsi Generation")
- 1967 - “The taste that conquers other drinks, the taste of Pepsi” (eng. "(Taste that beats the others cold) Pepsi Pours It On")
- 1969 - “You have a lot to live for, Pepsi has something to offer” (eng. "You've Got a Lot to Live, Pepsi's Got a Lot to Give")
- 1973 - English "Join the Pepsi people"
- 1975 - “Have a Pepsi day”
- 1979 - “Catch that Pepsi spirit”
- 1981 - “Pepsi’s got your taste for life”
- 1983 - “Pepsi now!” (eng. “Pepsi’s Now!”)
- 1984 - “The new generation chooses Pepsi” (eng. "The Choice of a New Generation")
- 1991 - “Gotta Have It”
- 1995 - “Nothing else - it’s Pepsi.” (eng. “Nothing Else is a Pepsi”)
- 1999 - “Take everything from life” / “Enjoying Coke” (eng. "Ask for More" / "The Joy of Cola")
- 2003 - “Real Coke” / “Decide for more” (eng. "It's the Cola" / "Dare for More")
- 2007 - “Feel happier” (eng. “More happy”)
- 2007 - “Open up. Live. Create"
- 2010 - “Everything is just beginning”
- 2011 - “Live in Big Sips”
- 2012 - “With Pepsi here and now”
- 2013 - “With Pepsi here and now. Live here and now"
- 2014 - “Live here and now”
- 2015 - “Take up the Pepsi challenge. Live here and now"
Pepsi is widely known for its commercials. The Pepsi commercials featured:
Andrey Arshavin, group “Band’Eros”, group “Beasts”, Dmitry Sychev, group “Disco Crash”, Decl,
Pepsi is one of the most famous and influential brands in the world with an annual turnover of more than 65 billion US dollars. Few people know that Pepsi, today, is not just a manufacturer of sparkling soda, but also the owner huge amount various enterprises producing drinks, juices, dairy products, snacks, and baby food.
While writing this article, I was surprised how many other famous brands in Russia work under the wing of this international giant. For me, Pepsi has always been associated with soda. But now I have radically changed my idea of this company and learning the history of its creation has become doubly interesting.
Our article today will be dedicated to PepsiCo, the world's second largest and Russia's largest manufacturer of food and beverages. Eh, it’s not for nothing that Pythagoras said 2500 years ago that the world is ruled by numbers. We completely agree with him, so we present here several important digital indicators of PepsiCo:
- Pepsi turned 114 years old in 2012.
- 297 thousand people are PepsiCo employees.
- 12th place in the ranking of the most influential women is occupied by PepsiCo CEO Indra Noori.
- The company produces a wide range of products, including 22 brands.
- The company's key business areas are represented in 200 countries.
- $65 billion is PepsiCo's annual sales.
How did PepsiCo, whose history began in the 19th century, manage not only to “survive” to the 21st, but also to become the largest company known to the whole world?
They say that success is not a point, but a forward movement. Let's take a look at the path the company has taken to achieve its goals.
It all started back in August 1898, when Caleb Bradham, a pharmacist from New Bern, came up with a recipe for cola nut and vanilla syrup.
This mixture, according to the inventor, contributed proper digestion and acted as the gastric juice enzyme pepsin.
However, by 1903 it acquired the familiar name “Pepsi-Cola” (hereinafter referred to as Pepsi) and received wide recognition among the masses.
The Pepsi drink was invented 12 years after the birth of its main competitor -.
Let us note that Pepsi has been competing with its “big brother” all its adult life, not wanting to give up its place as leader without a fight.
In 1903, Bradham registered the Pepsi-Cola trademark and launched the first advertising campaign. For PR, he invites the popular racing driver Barney Oldfield, from whose lips we learn that Pepsi is a good stimulant before the race, “a magnificent, refreshing and strengthening drink.”
But 20 years later, in 1923, The Pepsi-Cola Company found itself broke due to rising sugar prices. To file bankruptcy, Bradham has to reveal the recipe for making syrup and confirm the truth of this information in court. The collapse of the company declassified the formula of the drink, and the Pepsi recipe for the “23rd year sample” was as follows:
- Sugar: 7500 lbs.
- Water: 1200 gallons
- Caramel (burnt sugar): 12 gallons
- Lime juice: 12 gallons
- Phosphoric acid: 58 lbs.
- Ethyl alcohol: 0.5 gallons
- Lemon oil: 6 oz.
- Orange oil: 5 oz.
- Cinnamon oil: 4 ounces
- Nutmeg oil: 2 ounces
- Coriander oil: 2 ounces
- Petitgrain Lemon Oil: 1 oz.
The whole thing had to be mixed for two hours using pre-boiled water with sugar. US approximate values: 1 pound = 454 g, 1 gallon = 3.8 L, 1 ounce = 28.3 g.
The path to success was not as sweet as the drink itself. The next owner of Pepsi could not get the company back on its feet and the company suffered a second bankruptcy in 1931.
She is then purchased by Charles Guth, president of the confectionery company Loft Incorporated. Under his leadership, the company made a bold marketing move that helped it stay afloat during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Pepsi is striking a blow at Coca-Cola's pricing policy by offering consumers twice as much of the drink for 5 cents as its No. 1 competitor does for the same money - 12 ounces versus 6.
This action did not hit consumers' wallets, but it knocked out Coke, which had a billion unsold 6-ounce bottles.
Pepsi-Cola is on the road!
Twelve full ounces is a lot!
You pay, as before, you get double.
This is our drink, Pepsi, we are with you!”
By the way, 12 ounces is, indeed, a lot, translated into the usual units of volume - 360 ml. Thus, Pepsi wins children's love, significantly increasing its army of fans.
During World War II, Pepsi would change its logo to a red and blue circle bisected by a white wavy stripe. This symbol, with the colors of the US flag, paid tribute to American soldiers.
In the 40s, Pepsi overtook other popular drinks of the time, such as Royal Crown and Dr. Pepper, and becomes the #2 soda after cola. Currently, the distribution of forces remains the same as 70 years ago.
However, in some ways Pepsi “jumped ahead” of its main competitor. The company proudly says that Pepsi-Cola became the first Western consumer product in the USSR.
While Coca-Cola was on the other side of the Iron Curtain, Pepsi-Cola Company cut a window into Soviet Union, and already in 1974 introduced the citizens of the USSR to the legendary soda.
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev himself advertised Pepsi! It happened like this: In 1959, Donald Kendall, head of the international operations department of the Pepsi-Cola Company, came to the American National Exhibition in Sokolniki.
He fulfills his mission at the exhibition 100% - he ensures that Khrushchev personally tries the signature drink. Journalists did not fail to photograph the Soviet leader, in whose hands was a glass with the Pepsi logo.
I don’t know whether a lifetime monument was erected for Mr. Kendall’s services, but what is certain is that in 1963 he became president of the company.
The case, which began in 1959, was completed by negotiations in 1972, where, within the framework of an agreement on bilateral trade between the USSR and the USA, it was decided that factories for the production of Pepsi-Cola would be built in the Soviet Union, and Pepsi would receive the right to import and distribute Stolichnaya vodka in the USA.
In 1974, the first soda production plant opened in Novorossiysk, and from 1979, glass Pepsi bottles with labels in Russian began to appear en masse in the USSR.
However, the company’s successes do not end there. In 1962, PepsiCo removed the word “Cola” from its name and got rid of the similarity in the logo spelling, distancing itself as much as possible from its main competitor “”.
In 1965, The Pepsi-Cola Company merged with the salty snack manufacturer Frito Lay. PepsiCo, which changed its name, was born, and in some sources 1965 is listed as the year the company was founded.
Essentially, from this moment on, the company ceases to focus only on sparkling water and begins to develop in new directions. And by 1970, PepsiCo's turnover exceeded $1 billion.
As you know, there is no patented recipe for success in the world. Rather, we can identify various company strategies, which, each in its own way, are a lever for switching to success. For PepsiCo, advertising becomes such a lever in many ways.
Let’s forget for a moment the saying “a good product does not need advertising,” because even he himself respected advertising and admitted that he would give 3 dollars out of 4 available for advertising.
In 1960, PepsiCo began collaborating with BBDO, the largest and most awarded advertising network in the world.
It is BBDO that PepsiCo owes its brightness and originality
At this time, PepsiCo strives to present the drink not so much as a mixture of syrup and water, but as a lifestyle and mood. By 1964, this idea takes on a classic form: “You are the Pepsi generation.”
Here are a few more examples: recognizing that cola has the right to Santa Claus in the winter (we wrote about this in an article about the company), Pepsi “adopted” this grandfather for the summer. So, this New Year's character orders a Pepsi at a hot beach party, making the excuse that he is not at work, but on vacation.
And what is the advertising campaign of the 70s worth? "Pepsi challenges"? As a result of a blind test conducted by PepsiCo, it turned out that in 3 out of 5 cases people prefer Pepsi over Coke. This 3:2 score is announced in television advertising, which causes a great commotion in the enemy camp.
The Coca-Cola Company changes the recipe of cola, adding more sugar and making its taste closer to the taste of Pepsi. Loyal fans of Coca-Cola immediately stand under red and white banners to defend the former taste of soda.
This leads to the return of the classic cola recipe and the dismissal of all top managers who came up with the ill-fated idea of change. So much for advertising wars.
Today, the winner in the CIS countries is mainly Coca-Cola, and in Asian countries (India, China) it is PepsiCo. By the way, there were some embarrassments in the Celestial Empire. PepsiCo literally translated its advertising slogan “Live with the Pepsi Generation” into Chinese.
As a result, the English version of the soda motto (Come Alive With the Pepsi Generation) sounded somewhat unexpected for the residents of China in their native language: “Pepsi will make your ancestors rise from their graves.”
In 1984, Wayne Calloway took over as president of PepsiCo. At this time, youth idols, show business and sports stars became the faces of Pepsi. Thus, PepsiCo signs a contract with Madonna, but breaks it after the release of the scandalous video clip for the song “Like a Prayer.”
PepsiCo invites Michael Jackson himself to collaborate. The “Chase” video featuring the King of Pop was called “the most spectacular in the history of advertising.” True, the video itself turned out to be long. But on Youtube I also managed to find a short Pepsi commercial starring the King of Pop.
The story with the participation of basketball star Shaquille O'Neill also received praise; the advertisement starring him won prizes at the prestigious Cannes Advertising Festival. As for the advertising budget, PepsiCo has a record here too - a 90-minute video with Britney Spears cost several million dollars and became one of the most expensive in US history.
The public's favorite footballer, Beckham, was also seen promoting Pepsi, more than once. The “Not Bekhmem’s Day” advertisement will surely make you smile:
Thus, PepsiCo has shown that advertising is not only an effective tool for promoting a product and an “engine of trade,” but also a work of art.
PepsiCo is currently headed by Indra Nooyi, an Indian-American entrepreneur.
During her reign, Indra Nooyi set about expanding PepsiCo's influence outside the United States. She is called a brilliant strategist, and Fortune magazine even predicts her career in big politics.
According to Ms. Nooyi herself, not only she, but also the entire friendly team of employees and top managers, who are not just colleagues at work, but also friends who help both in the profession and in everyday life, help PepsiCo achieve its goals.
Under Ms. Nooyi's leadership, PepsiCo began to expand its portfolio of healthy food and beverage products. Currently, the Pepsi brand accounts for a little more than half of revenue, with the rest coming from other products.
In general, Indra Nooyi is a very interesting woman and perhaps I will write a separate article about her. During the preparation of this article, I managed to quickly familiarize myself with her statements and I really liked some of them:
The modern PepsiCo company is a manufacturer of carbonated and non-carbonated soft drinks, snacks, cereal products and cereals.
In 2009, as part of a strategy to expand the range of healthy products, the company acquired more than 75% of the shares of the largest domestic juice manufacturer Lebedyansky OJSC. PepsiCo calls this deal, which costs $1.4 billion, one of the best in its history.
Here are the brands included in PepsiCo in Russia:
For me personally, this is an excellent example of how, starting with one product, you can over time, having accumulated financial fat, expand your activities to other markets. This is such a corporate example of creation.
The example that immediately comes to mind is one that owns more than 220 companies. Only there he is the main owner, the main shareholder, while Pepsi does not have a clear owner and is owned by many shareholders.
PepsiCo keeps up with the times and is focused on development and change. In Forbes magazine's 2012 ranking of the world's most innovative companies, PepsiCo ranks 58th. Note that Coca-Cola is not on this list.
PepsiCo contrasts change with stability, its last multimillion-dollar rebrand dating back to 2011. Among other innovations, the logo was also transformed, which the company has modified about a dozen times already.
In its activities, the company is guided by 3 principles - honesty, consistency and fairness. PepsiCo formulates its mission as follows: to become the best manufacturer finished products food and drinks. Whether it will overtake its main competitor, the Coca-Cola company, time will tell.
And here is how the price of PepsiCo shares changed from 1978 to 2014:
Using this chart, you can judge the periods of growth and decline of the company, since any negative and positive aspects in the company are immediately reflected in the price of the shares.
As of this writing, PepsiCo's common share price is $81.40. In my opinion, investing in shares of this company is profitable in the long term.
If you had invested in shares of this brand 20 years ago, in February 1984, the amount of your investment would have increased 40 times! $1,000 would now be $40,000, not counting the dividends the company pays annually.
In the short term, due to the unclear situation in the global financial markets, the future of your investment in Pepsi is very unclear. However, this applies not only to investments in Pepsi, but also in any other company.
Pepsi has enormous financial assets, which it will likely continue to use to capture new markets and expand existing ones.
Food and drinks are something that will always be relevant, even during a crisis. Therefore, the value of a given company's assets will always increase. Although, to be honest, I like Coca-Cola's marketing better. He's more aggressive or something.
But if you evaluate taste qualities of these brands, then I give my vote to Pepsi. And although I try to drink carbonated drinks less often in order to improve my health, I allow myself to drink a can of Pepsi about once every 1-2 months.
This concludes my review, and in conclusion I suggest you watch another cool commercial from this company:
Study chemical composition carbonated drinks
And their influence on the human body
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….…..2
2. Main part…………………………………………………………………………………….…...3
2.1. History of the creation of carbonated drinks……………………………………..…..…3
2.2. Types of sweet carbonated drinks………………………………………….…….3
3. Research part……………………………………………………………………………….4
3.1. composition of sweet carbonated drinks………………………………………….…. ..5
3.1.1. Preservatives………………………………………………………………………………...5
3.1.2. Acidity regulator………………………………………………………..5
3.1.3. Sweeteners………………………………………………………………………………5
3.1.4. Dyes………………………………………………………………………………………...6
3.1.5. Flavors…………………………………………………………………………………..6
3.1.6. Carbon dioxide…………………………………………………………………..6
3.2. Experimental part………………………………………………………………………………7
3.2.1. Analysis of the survey results……………………………………………………......7
3.2.2. Results of the chemical experiment……………………………………..8
4. Conclusions and conclusion………………………………………………………………...10
5. Literature………………………………………………………………………………..11
INTRODUCTION
It is impossible to imagine modern mass culture and the process of globalization without soft soft drinks like Coca-Cola or Pepsi. Our body is 60% water. To maintain water balance, we drink every day. Some people prefer coffee, tea, juice, fruit drinks, while others prefer carbonated drinks. The question of how harmful carbonated water is to human health, and especially to children, has been discussed in the world for a very long time. During this time, scientists have conducted a number of studies showing that today the number of young people with osteoporosis, that is, a decrease in bone density, has sharply increased. The cause of this dangerous disease is a lack of calcium in the body, which a person receives by consuming milk, cheese, and cottage cheese. Taking into account the peculiarities of modern preferences of young people, who prefer carbonated water to milk, it will become clear that most of today's children do not get enough calcium, which enhances the natural process of bone destruction, which begins in a person after 22 years.
We drink sweet carbonated drinks, sometimes without thinking about the harm they can cause to our body. And this harm is quite great, as consumer rights protection societies in many countries insist on. So what are carbonated drink manufacturers hiding behind flashy labels and advertising propaganda?
Subject of study: ingredients of sweet carbonated drinks and their effect on human health.
Object of study: students in grades 5-7, as well as various brands of sweet carbonated drinks.
Hypothesis: It is assumed that sweet carbonated drinks have a negative effect on the human body.
Purpose of the study: study the chemical composition of carbonated drinks and the effect of their components on the human body.
Research objectives:
1. Study the history of the creation of carbonated drinks;
2. Consider the classification and chemical composition of sweet carbonated drinks;
3. Study the physiological effects of the main components of carbonated water on the human body;
4. Develop and conduct a survey among students in grades 5-7.
5. Conduct an experiment to study the chemical composition of the most commonly consumed sweet carbonated drinks.
Research methods: study of literary sources; survey; chemical experiment.
MAIN PART
History of the creation of carbonated drinks
It is impossible to imagine a modern person without sweet, soft, carbonated drinks, like Lemonade, 7Up, Pepsi, etc. In 1833, the first carbonated lemonades appeared on sale in England. Back then, soda was sold in pharmacies. In 1886, Coca-Cola and Dr. were first released. Pepper." Initially, Coca-Cola was made from a tincture of coca leaves and kola nuts; pharmacist John Pemberton came up with a recipe for syrup to treat headaches and colds and guessed to dilute it with carbonated water. In 1898, Pepsi appeared (according to some versions, a cure for intestinal disorders), which was invented by pharmacist Caleb Bradham, who mixed kola nut extract, vanillin and aromatic oils. Lithiated Lemon lemonade was invented in 1929 and is now known as 7Up. It was advertised as a means for creating alcoholic cocktails.
In 1960, a new class of sweet lemonades appeared - “sports”. This and similar drinks did not contain gas, but were rich in vitamins and other substances that help athletes quench their thirst and improve performance. In the 1980s, drinks containing caffeine appeared. Their creators hoped to attract students, businessmen and all people who urgently needed to cheer up. In the 1990s, “energy drinks” (“Red Bull”) appeared, which contained huge doses of caffeine and other energizing substances and were intended for disco-goers and athletes. In the 1990s, the United States began to pay more attention to juices and juice-based drinks, as well as more “natural” drinks based on tea, coffee, vegetable juices and natural stimulants.
And in Russia, the first production of artificial mineral waters opened at the beginning of the 19th century in the suburbs of St. Petersburg. The famous confectioner Isler produced seltzer (from the name of the German source Selters) and soda. Seltzer contained sodium, calcium and magnesium salts, soda - only sodium. Both tasted salty, but unlike natural mineral waters, neither then nor now did they have medicinal properties. “Buratino”, “Duchess”, “Lemonade”, “Citro” were created in the USSR decades ago by selecting combinations of sugar, citric acid and flavorings. In "Sayany" they added lemongrass, in "Citro" - syrups of various citrus fruits (from the French word citron - "lemon").
It is impossible to imagine modern mass culture and the process of globalization without soft soft drinks like lemonade, Coca or Pepsi. In the USA, the term “soft drink” is used to refer to this type of drink.
The healing properties of mineral waters with gas were known already four thousand years ago in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The great scientist Hippocrates, in his treatise “On Airs, Waters and Places,” writes that the sick were treated in fonts at temples. The Greek priests strictly guarded their secrets, protecting healing power mineral water.
The discovery of the secret of sparkling water was as unexpected as most great discoveries.
The English scientist Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), living next door to the brewery and observing its work, became interested in what kind of bubbles beer released during fermentation. Then he placed two containers of water over the brewing beer. After some time, the water was charged with beer carbon dioxide. Having tasted the resulting liquid, the scientist was struck by its unexpectedly pleasant, sharp taste, and in 1767 he himself produced the first bottle of sparkling water.
In 1772, for the discovery of soda, Priestley was admitted to the French Academy of Sciences, and in 1773. - received the Royal Society medal.
Joseph Priestley (Joseph Priestley, 1733-1804) - English priest, chemist, philosopher, public figure, was born in Fieldhead, near Leeds (Yorkshire, England) on March 13, 1733. He was the eldest of six children in the family of clothier Jonas Priestley. From 1742 he was raised by Sarah Quigley, his maternal aunt.
Priestley attended Batley School, where he studied Latin and Greek in depth. After a short break from studying due to illness, Priestley decided to devote his life to serving the church. By this time, he had already become quite successful in learning other languages and knew French, German, Italian, Arabic and even Chaldean.
It was Priestley who first obtained hydrogen chloride, ammonia, silicon fluoride, sulfur dioxide...
Another wonderful invention is associated with the name of Priestley, without which it is currently impossible to imagine the life of a modern schoolchild or student. Priestley accidentally discovered that raw natural rubber could erase traces of graphite (pencil) better than particles of bread, which were used at the time for the same purpose. This advantage of rubber is due to the fact that rubbing it against paper produces an electrostatic voltage, which allows the rubber particles to attract graphite particles. And so the well-known eraser was born.
For anesthesiologists around the world, the name of Joseph Priestley is primarily remembered and dear, of course, in connection with his discovery of nitrous oxide in 1772, which later became a widely used and popular anesthetic.
And in 1770, the Swedish chemist Thorbern Olaf Bergman (1735-1784) invented a device with which it was possible to produce carbonation in fairly large quantities. This device is called a saturator.
Further developments in this area were made by Johann Jacob Schwepp, a German by birth, who ran a jewelry shop in Geneva. Since his youth, he dreamed of creating non-alcoholic champagne - with bubbles, but without alcohol. 20 years of experiments were crowned with success and in 1783 he invented an industrial plant for the production of carbonated water. Schwepp first sold his drink in Switzerland, but soon realized that there would be higher demand for it in England, and in 1790 he moved there. The British were famous for their passion for brandy, and Schwepp hoped to fill the niche of brandy diluents with his products.
Schwepp founded a still thriving company in England that began selling soda in glass containers with an embossed logo. In the 1930s, J. Schweppe & Co began producing carbonated lemonade and other fruit waters.
Historian Judith Jango-Cohen, author of The History Of Food (Major Inventions Through History), notes that the soft drink industry arose in the late 18th century, when it was sold (in France and England) waters carbonated with carbon dioxide appeared. Then it was considered an inexpensive imitation of healing mineral waters, and the soda was sold in pharmacies, and not in regular stores. Further expansion was ensured by chemists: in 1784 it was first isolated lemon acid(from lemon juice). In 1833, the first carbonated lemonades appeared on sale in England (the name of the drink lemonade comes from the word lemon).
John Riley, author of the classic Organization in the soft drink industry: A history of the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages, first published in 1946, points out that in 1871 a significant event occurred - was registered for the first time in the USA (and in the world) trademark soft drink - it was called "Lemon's Superior Sparkling Ginger Ale".
Subsequently, the process of inventing new tastes and drinks acquired an avalanche-like character, with pharmacists and pharmacists most often becoming trendsetters. In 1875, American pharmacist Charles Hires became acquainted with a drink made artisanally from the roots of certain plants - ten years later, Hires began selling bottled non-alcoholic “root beer” (the taste resembles a tincture of marshmallow root).
In 1886, the now existing Coca-Cola and Dr. were first put on sale. Pepper. Initially, Coca-Cola was made from a tincture of coca leaves and kola nuts; pharmacist John Pemberton came up with a recipe for a syrup intended to treat headaches and colds and guessed to dilute it with carbonated water. The authors of numerous books devoted to the history of the most popular soda of the millennium constantly cite a funny fact: in the first year, due to the sale of Coca, they managed to earn $25, while $75 was spent on advertising the new drink.
Dr. Pepper was also the fruit of the imagination of a pharmacist (his name was Wade Morrison) and a chemist (Robert Lazenby). Dr. Pepper, made with cherry syrup, was first produced at a pharmacy in Waco, Texas, selling it under the slogan "King of Beverages, Free from Caffeine" (caffeine was added later). According to legend, The name Dr. Pepper - "Dr. Pepper" comes from the name of a military doctor who once forbade the enterprising Morrison to marry his daughter.
In 1898, Pepsi-Cola appeared (according to some versions, originally as a medicine for intestinal disorders), which was invented by pharmacist Caleb Bradham, who mixed kola nut extract, vanillin and aromatic oils. At the beginning of the 20th century, other drinks appeared that are still on the shelves of American stores, in particular Royal-Crown Cola and Canada Dry Ginger Ale. In 1906, the first all-American advertising campaign for lemonade took place - Clicquot Club Ginger Ale, named after the famous Veuve Clicquot champagne brand.
Yet flavored soda was most likely invented on the west side of the Atlantic. In 1807, it was introduced into use by Philadelphia physician Philip Synge Physicist. He prescribed carbonated water enriched with syrup to patients, which was prepared according to his recipe by the pharmacist Townsend Speakman. Soon the first soda water kiosks appeared in American cities, but it did not become widespread. The technology available to the Americans for its production was primitive, and Schwepp's apparatus remained a secret.
In 1832, a young immigrant from England, John Matthews, began producing quite decent saturators in New York. He improved Schwepp's design and the technology for producing carbon dioxide. Thus, the production of artificially carbonated water began to gain momentum. Companies offering carbonated drinks with various flavors began to appear.
The success of soda turned out to be highly dependent on political factors. After the outbreak of the First World War, the industry was paralyzed - the cause was a sugar shortage. Manufacturers are in dire straits because the US government has deemed their product not essential to ensuring a healthy diet for Americans. It is curious that the US authorities made a similar decision during the Second World War, but by this time the Americans had become addicted to this kind of drink, so the diet of American soldiers included carbonated drinks. Mark Pendergrast, author of For God, Country, and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It, notes that American soldiers at the front could have problems with ammunition and bandages, but they were always delivered the required bottles of Coca on time.
James Samuelson, author of The History of Drink, notes that a push in the opposite direction came from Prohibition, a ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages that was in effect in the United States from 1920 to 1933. Consumers were forced to replace traditional wine and whiskey with innocent soft drinks.
In 1929, an unprecedented economic crisis, the Great Depression, began in the United States, which destroyed many small companies specializing in the production of such goods. However, the biggest players survived. Also in 1929, Lithiated Lemon lemonade was invented, which is now known under the brand name 7Up. After the end of Prohibition, its manufacturers began to advertise lemonade as an excellent means for creating alcoholic cocktails - thanks to this, this 7Up survived the most difficult years. Later, inventors got involved: they improved the process of mixing syrup and carbonated water (Coca-Cola was the first to do this in 1922), established control over product quality (before that, drinks sold under the same brand, but produced in different cities, were often of different tastes), and also created branded packaging (bottles).
The 1950s marked the beginning new era- the emergence of “healthy” drinks. At first, sugar, which is high in calories and unacceptable for certain categories of patients, began to be replaced with artificial sweeteners. In 1952, a small New York company, Kirsch Beverages, released the first lemonade intended for diabetics - No-Cal Ginger Ale (in which saccharin replaced sugar). In 1962, sales of Diet-Rite Cola (manufactured by Royal Crown Company), which was sweetened with cyclamates, began throughout the United States. In 1963, the Coca-Cola Tab appeared, and in 1965, Diet Pepsi. Big chemistry has made a significant contribution to this business as well. In the 1980s, manufacturers began to widely use aspartame (manufactured under the brand name Nutra-Sweet), and in the late 1990s, sucralose (marketed under the brand name Splenda). At the beginning of the third millennium, trendsetters in this area - Coca-Cola company Co and PepsiCo, as well as their many competitors, have launched low-calorie sodas. This step was largely due to the enormous popularity of the Atkins Diet, the essence of which is to give up carbohydrates.
In 1960, a new class of drinks appeared - “sports drinks”. The pioneer was Gatorade, the recipe of which was developed by the University of Florida at the request of the coaches of the university football team, which was called Gator. This and similar drinks did not contain gas, but instead were loaded with vitamins and other substances that are supposed to help athletes quench their thirst and improve their performance.
In the 1980s, caffeine-free drinks appeared. Initially, this was done in order to attract certain groups of the US population who, for various reasons, could not use traditional caffeine-containing lemonades - for example, children, hypertensive patients or adherents of certain religious cults.
At the same time, drinks were produced with increased content caffeine - their creators hoped to attract students, businessmen and all people who urgently needed a pick-me-up (it is known that a cup of coffee contains twice as much caffeine as regular soft drink- new versions of lemonade, in particular Jolt Cola, destroyed this advantage of coffee). In the 1990s, a logical continuation appeared - “energy drinks” (the pioneer was Red Bull), which contained huge doses of caffeine and other invigorating substances and were intended for visitors to discos and athletes.
In the 1990s, another trend emerged in the United States: consumers began to pay more attention to juices and drinks based on them (Nantucket Nectars juices, produced by the company of the same name, were the first here), as well as more “natural” drinks based on tea, coffee, and vegetables. juices and natural stimulants.
However, according to the American Beverage Association, despite the abundance of flavors and recipes available, traditional soda remains the most popular in the United States, accounting for more than 73% of total sales, followed by still sugary drinks. (13.7%), in third - bottled water (13.2%).
Nowadays, in the USA alone, such drinks are produced by several hundred companies employing more than 200 thousand people. According to the consulting firm American Economics Group, the soft drink industry employs more than 3 million people in the United States, and the volume of this market reaches $278 billion a year.
